Supporting Research

1 Leeb, R.T., Danielson, M.L., Claussen, A.H., Robinson, L.R., Lebrun-Harris, L.A., Ghandour, R, et al. (2024). Trends in Mental, Behavioral, and Developmental Disorders Among Children and Adolescents in the US, 2016–2021. Prev Chronic Dis 21:240142. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd21.240142

2 Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A. (2019). Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20190811. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811

3 Wang, P. S., Berglund, P. A., Olfson, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2004). Delays in Initial Treatment Contact after First Onset of a Mental Disorder. Health Services Research, 39(2), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00234.x

4 US Department of Agriculture. (2025, January 14). Rural poverty and well being. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. https:// www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural

5 Boswell, E. K., & Crouch, E. (2024). Brief report: Rural–urban differences in disability prevalence, healthcare services utilization, and participation in special education. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06434-y

6 Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Probst, J. C., Bennett, K. J., & McKinney, S. H. (2020). Rural-urban differences in adverse childhood experiences across a national sample of children. The Journal of Rural Health, 36(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12366

7 Lee, J. H., Wheeler, D. C., Zimmerman, E. B., Hines, A. L., & Chapman, D. A. (2023). Urban–rural disparities in deaths of despair: A county-level analysis 2004–2016 in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 64(2), 149–15

8 Samp, A. R., & Diamond, E. (2025). Rural–urban differences in U.S. foster care, 2019–2021: Race, ethnicity, and removal reasons. Journal of Rural Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000310

9 Maguire-Jack, K., & Kim, H. (2021). Rural differences in child maltreatment reports, reporters, and service responses. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, Article 105792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chi ldyouth.2020.105792

10 Heckman, T. (2012). The Heckman Equation. Invest in Early Childhood: Reduce Deficits, Strengthen the Economy. https://heckmanequation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/F_HeckmanDeficitPieceCUSTOM-Generic_052714-3-1.pdf